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Phenylephrine, sold under the brand names Neosynephrine and Sudafed PE among others, is a medication used as a decongestant for uncomplicated nasal congestion in the form of a nasal spray or oral tablet, [5] to dilate the pupil, to increase blood pressure given intravenously in cases of low blood pressure, and to relieve hemorrhoids as a suppository.
Individual dogs of any breed can have a profound reaction characterized by hypotension, especially if there is an underlying heart problem. In giant-breed dogs and sighthounds, the sedative effects of acepromazine may last for 12–24 hours, which is much longer than the usual 3–4 hours. [16] [20]
Etilefrine, also known as 3,β-dihydroxy-N-ethylphenethylamine, is a substituted phenethylamine derivative. [2]It is an analogue of epinephrine (3,4,β-trihydroxy-N-methylphenethylamine), of phenylephrine ((R)-β,3-dihydroxy-N-methylphenethylamine), of metaterol (3,β-dihydroxy-N-isopropylphenethylamine), and of norfenefrine (3,β-dihydroxyphenethylamine), as well as of metaraminol ((1R,2S)-3 ...
Clinical trial number NCT03751631 for "Safety and Efficacy of Phenylephrine 2.5%-Tropicamide 1% Microdose Ophthalmic Solution for Pupil Dilation (MIST-1)" at ClinicalTrials.gov; Clinical trial number NCT03751098 for "Safety and Efficacy of Phenylephrine 2.5%-Tropicamide 1% Microdose Ophthalmic Solution for Pupil Dilation (MIST-2)" at ...
Metaraminol is commonly available as 10 mg in 1 mL, that requires dilution prior to administration (often made up to a 0.5 mg/mL solution), however pre-prepared syringes of metaraminol for bolus use for hypotension are also commonly available. [11] [12] Metaraminol is also used in the treatment of priapism. [13] [14] [15]
An equianalgesic chart can be a useful tool, but the user must take care to correct for all relevant variables such as route of administration, cross tolerance, half-life and the bioavailability of a drug. [5] For example, the narcotic levorphanol is 4–8 times stronger than morphine, but also has a much longer half-life. Simply switching the ...
The mechanisms of sympathomimetic drugs can be direct-acting (direct interaction between drug and receptor), such as α-adrenergic agonists, β-adrenergic agonists, and dopaminergic agonists; or indirect-acting (interaction not between drug and receptor), such as MAOIs, COMT inhibitors, release stimulants, and reuptake inhibitors that increase the levels of endogenous catecholamines.
Side effects from intra-articular administration can include joint pain, swelling, lameness, and, rarely, infection of the joint. Intramuscular injection can cause dose-dependent inflammation and bleeding, since PSGAG is an analogue of the anticoagulant heparin. [4] In dogs, this may manifest as bleeding from the nose or as bloody stools. [7]