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Persons who have been diagnosed with autosomal dominant spinocerebellar ataxia (SCAs) also exhibit dysmetria. [4] There are many types of SCAs and though many exhibit similar symptoms (one being dysmetria), they are considered to be heterogeneous. [4] Friedreich's ataxia is a relatively common cause of dysmetria. [5]
Ataxia (from Greek α- [a negative prefix] + -τάξις [order] = "lack of order") is a neurological sign consisting of lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements that can include gait abnormality, speech changes, and abnormalities in eye movements, that indicates dysfunction of parts of the nervous system that coordinate movement, such as the cerebellum.
Cerebellar ataxia is a form of ataxia originating in the cerebellum. [1] Non-progressive congenital ataxia (NPCA) is a classical presentation of cerebral ataxias. Cerebellar ataxia can occur as a result of many diseases and may present with symptoms of an inability to coordinate balance, gait, extremity and eye movements. [ 2 ]
The symptoms of an ataxia vary with the specific type and with the individual patient. Many subtypes of spinocerebellar ataxia result in cases where an individual retains full mental capacity but progressively loses physical control, but nearly half of the identified subtypes result in cognitive dysfunction, dementia, and mental retardation. [7]
When experiencing an intention tremor, one often overshoots or undershoots one's target, a condition known as dysmetria. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Intention tremor is the result of dysfunction of the cerebellum , particularly on the same side as the tremor in the lateral zone, which controls visually guided movements.
It is associated with cerebellar ataxia, [1] [2] when the cerebellum has been damaged and does not function to its fullest ability. Lesions to the cerebellum can cause dyssynergia, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, dysarthria, and ataxia of stance and gait. [3] Dyschronometria can result from autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia (ADCA). [4]
This is also an aspect of ataxia. [1] It is typical for dyssynergic patients to split a movement into several smaller movements. Types of dyssynergia include Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 1, bladder sphincter dyssynergia, and anal sphincter dyssynergia. Dyssynergia can be caused by disruption or damage between the cerebellum and the sacral spinal cord.
The genes that underlie majority of the symptoms for the different types of ataxia are still unknown. A productive cure is still unavailable to prevent the brain degeneration associated with ataxia. [6] Oculomotor ataxia accompanies gait ataxia which causes dysarthria, muscle weakness, loss of joint position sense and limb dysmetria.