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CSMA/CD is used to improve CSMA performance by terminating transmission as soon as a collision is detected, thus shortening the time required before a retry can be attempted. With the growing popularity of Ethernet switches in the 1990s, IEEE 802.3 deprecated Ethernet repeaters in 2011, [2] making CSMA/CD and half-duplex operation less common ...
It is particularly important for wireless networks, where the alternative with collision detection CSMA/CD, is not possible due to wireless transmitters desensing (turning off) their receivers during packet transmission. CSMA/CA is unreliable due to the hidden node problem. [3] [4] CSMA/CA is a protocol that operates in the data link layer.
In computer networking, carrier-sense multiple access with collision avoidance and resolution using priorities (CSMA/CARP) is a channel access method.CSMA/CARP is similar in nature to the carrier-sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD) channel access method used in Ethernet networks, but CSMA/CARP provides no detection of network collisions.
Layers of protection analysis (LOPA) is a technique for evaluating the hazards, risks and layers of protection associated with a system, such as a chemical process plant. In terms of complexity and rigour LOPA lies between qualitative techniques such as hazard and operability studies (HAZOP) and quantitative techniques such as fault trees and ...
A health risk assessment (HRA) is a health questionnaire, used to provide individuals with an evaluation of their health risks and quality of life. [5] Commonly a HRA incorporates three key elements – an extended questionnaire, a risk calculation or score, and some form of feedback, i.e. face-to-face with a health advisor or an automatic online report.
Health technology assessment is intended to provide a bridge between the world of research and the world of decision-making. [6] HTA is an active field internationally and has seen continued growth fostered by the need to support management, clinical, and policy decisions.
A variable-rate CD — also called a flex CD — is a type of certificate of deposit with an interest rate that can fluctuate periodically over the term of the CD based on market conditions.
The structured what-if technique (SWIFT) is a prospective hazards analysis method that uses structured brainstorming with guidewords and prompts to identify risks, [1] with the aim of being quicker than more intensive methods like failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA). [2] [3] It is used in various settings, including healthcare. [1] [2] [3] [4]