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Indole itself triggers the secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in intestinal L cells and acts as a ligand for AhR. [2] Indole can also be metabolized by the liver into indoxyl sulfate , a compound that is toxic in high concentrations and associated with vascular disease and renal dysfunction . [ 2 ]
Indole is an organic compound with the formula C 6 H 4 CCNH 3. Indole is classified as an aromatic heterocycle. It has a bicyclic structure, consisting of a six-membered benzene ring fused to a five-membered pyrrole ring. Indoles are derivatives of indole where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by substituent groups.
Indole-3-carboxylate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.92) is an enzyme with systematic name indole-3-carboxylate carboxy-lyase. [1] This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction. indole-3-carboxylate indole + CO 2. This enzyme is activated by Zn 2+, Mn 2+ or Mg 2+.
The enzyme indolepyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.74) catalyzes the chemical reaction 3-(indol-3-yl)pyruvate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } 2-(indol-3-yl)acetaldehyde + CO 2 This enzyme belongs to the family of lyases , specifically the carboxy-lyases, which cleave carbon-carbon bonds.
The decarboxylation of indole-3-acetate is chemically difficult since it leaves an unstable carbanion because of the direct elimination of CO 2. This chemical reaction is promoted by 1-electron oxidation of indole-3-acetate through a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET), which requires the transfer of the indolic-NH proton to a suitably ...
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In addition to the light- or H 2 O 2-induced formation of FICZ, a number of other enzymatic pathways have been identified to convert Trp to FICZ via the precursor I3A. [2] [3] Oxidative deamination of Trp by aromatic amino acid aminotransferases (ArAT) or L-amino oxidases (LAAO), one of which is the IL4-inducible enzyme IL4I1, converts Trp to indole-3-pyruvate, which after decarboxylation ...
The systematic name of this enzyme class is 1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1-deoxy-D-ribulose-5-phosphate carboxy-lyase [cyclizing 1-C-(indol-3-yl)glycerol-3-phosphate-forming]. Other names in common use include indoleglycerol phosphate synthetase , indoleglycerol phosphate synthase , indole-3-glycerophosphate synthase , 1-(2-carboxyphenylamino)-1 ...