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The barrel drum doholak survived in Balochistan, while all three drum types mentioned are widespread further east in India. On the other hand, the hand-played goblet drum tombak and the frame drum duff are essential to classical music in Iran . The drums played with sticks in folk music are functionally differentiated from this.
Daf (Persian: دف), also known as dâyere and riq, is a Middle Eastern (mainly Iranian) [1] frame drum musical instrument, used in popular and classical music in South and Central Asia. It is also used in Afghanistan , Azerbaijan , Tajikistan , Iran , Uzbekistan , many regions of Georgia , Armenia , Pakistan as well as in parts of India [ 2 ...
The specific notes used in a piece will be part of one of more than seventy modes or maqam rows named after characteristic tones that are rarely the first tone (unlike in European-influenced music theory where the tonic is listed first). The rows are heptatonic and constructed from augmented, major, neutral, and minor seconds. Many different ...
The naqareh, naqqāra, nagara or nagada is a Middle Eastern drum with a rounded back and a hide head, usually played in pairs. It is thus a membranophone of the kettle drum variety. The term naqqāra ( نقاره ), also نقارات naqqarat , naqqarah , naqqåre , nakkare , nagora comes from the Arabic verb naqr- that means "to strike, beat".
The notes of a maqam are not always tuned in equal temperament, meaning that the frequency ratios of successive pitches are not necessarily identical. A maqam also determines other things, such as the tonic (starting note), the ending note, and the dominant note. It also determines which notes should be emphasized and which should not. [3]
The bedug is commonly used in mosques in Java among Javanese and Sundanese people to precede the adhan as a sign of the prayer [5] or during Islamic festivals. [2] For example, the sound of a bedug is used to signal the end of the day-long fast during Ramadan and sometimes it is used to signal time for Suhoor during Ramadan. [ 6 ]
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Instead, the early Islamic Arabs used the reed instrument mizmar and the rectangular frame drum duff in battles. [ 67 ] In the 10th century, the military orchestra, composed of the trumpet būq an-nafīr , the conical oboe surnā , the differently sized kettle drums dabdab and qasa , and the cymbals sunūj (singular sinj); this orchestra ...