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Oromandibular dystonia: A dystonia of the jaw, lips, and/or the tongue. It can make eating and swallowing very complicated due to the jaw being held open or shut for periods of time. Spasmodic dysphonia: A dystonia of the vocal cords. The complications surrounding this form of dystonia are speech related and can cause symptoms such as speech ...
Primary dystonia is suspected when the dystonia is the only sign and there is no identifiable cause or structural abnormality in the central nervous system. Researchers suspect it is caused by a pathology of the central nervous system , likely originating in those parts of the brain concerned with motor function—such as the basal ganglia and ...
In the past, dopamine blocking agents have been used in the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Treatment was based on the theory that there is an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the basal ganglia. These drugs have fallen out of fashion due to various serious side effects: sedation, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia. [16]
Dystonia is a disorder of involuntary muscle contractions that may cause repetitive and/or abnormal movement or postures. Dystonia is a disorder that causes repetitive involuntary muscle movements ...
Autosomal dominant GTP cyclohydrolase I deficiency; Other names: Autosomal dominant Segawa syndrome (the autosomal recessive form of Segawa syndrome is caused by mutations in a different gene that encodes tyrosine hydroxylase), Dopa-responsive dystonia 5a, Autosomal dominant DYT/PARK-GCH1 (designation in accordance with the Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders maintained by the ...
Torsin-1A (TorA) also known as dystonia 1 protein (DYT1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TOR1A gene (also known as DQ2 or DYT1). [5] TorA localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and contiguous perinuclear space , where its ATPase activity is activated by either LULL1 or LAP1 , respectively.
Medications are used to reverse the symptoms of extrapyramidal side effects caused by antipsychotics or other drugs, by either directly or indirectly increasing dopaminergic neurotransmission. The treatment varies by the type of the EPS, but may involve anticholinergic agents such as procyclidine, benztropine, diphenhydramine, and trihexyphenidyl.
Juvenile-onset dystonia is a disorder in which the muscles involuntarily contract, which in turn cause involuntary movements and rather abnormal postures. [1] Symptoms of this disorder vary among the people who have it.