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In human anatomy, the neurocranium, also known as the braincase, brainpan, or brain-pan, [1] [2] is the upper and back part of the skull, which forms a protective case around the brain. [3] In the human skull, the neurocranium includes the calvaria or skullcap. The remainder of the skull is the facial skeleton.
The skull, or cranium, is typically a bony enclosure around the brain of a vertebrate. [1] [2] In some fish, and amphibians, the skull is of cartilage. The skull is at the head end of the vertebrate. In the human the skull comprises two prominent parts: the neurocranium, and the facial skeleton. [3] which evolved from the first pharyngeal arch.
Features compared are the braincase shape, forehead, browridge, nasal bone projection, cheek bone angulation, chin and occipital contour. The cranium lacks a pronounced occipital bun in the neck, a bulge that anchored considerable neck muscles in Neanderthals. Modern humans, even the earlier ones, generally have a larger fore-brain than the ...
The facial skeleton comprises the facial bones that may attach to build a portion of the skull. [1] The remainder of the skull is the neurocranium.. In human anatomy and development, the facial skeleton is sometimes called the membranous viscerocranium, which comprises the mandible and dermatocranial elements that are not part of the braincase.
Reconstructed Neanderthal skeleton, American Museum of Natural History Neanderthal anatomy differed from modern humans in that they had a more robust build and distinctive morphological features, especially on the cranium, which gradually accumulated more derived aspects, particularly in certain isolated geographic regions.
The basisphenoid forms the posterior part of the base, while the pterygoid processes represent the pterygoid bones. The epipterygoids have extended into the wall of the cranium; they are referred to as alisphenoids when separate in mammals, and form the greater wings of the sphenoid when fused into a larger structure. The sphenethmoid bone ...
Moreover, in 2005, a new complete skull cranium was found: D4500. This cranium is inferred to be an adult skull and is more commonly known as "Skull 5." D4500's features are very rare compared to early Homo in that it had a small braincase yet an unusually large prognathic face. [2] "
They were jawless, had seven pairs of pharyngeal arches like their descendants today, and their endoskeletons were cartilaginous (then only consisting of the chondro cranium/braincase and vertebrae). The jawless Cyclostomata diverge at this stage. The connective tissue below the epidermis differentiates into the dermis and hypodermis. [15]