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Sewage contaminated water contains many viruses, over one hundred species are reported and can lead to diseases that affect human beings. For example, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, meningitis, fever, rash, and conjunctivitis can all be spread through contaminated water. More viruses are being discovered in water because of new detection and ...
The human virome is the total collection of viruses in and on the human body. [1] [2] [3] Viruses in the human body may infect both human cells and other microbes such as bacteria (as with bacteriophages). [4] Some viruses cause disease, while others may be asymptomatic.
It was isolated for the first time in 2001 in the Netherlands by using the RAP-PCR (RNA arbitrarily primed PCR) technique for the identification of unknown viruses growing in cultured cells. [1] As of 2016, it was the second most common cause—after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)—of acute respiratory tract illness in otherwise-healthy ...
Aichivirus A formerly Aichi virus (AiV) [1] belongs to the genus Kobuvirus in the family Picornaviridae. [2] Six species are part of the genus Kobuvirus, Aichivirus A-F. [3] Within Aichivirus A, there are six different types including human Aichi virus, canine kobuvirus, murine kobuvirus, Kathmandu sewage kobuvirus, roller kobuvirus, and feline kobuvirus. [3]
Wastewater-based epidemiology has been used to estimate illicit drug use in communities or populations, but can be used to measure the consumption of alcohol, caffeine, various pharmaceuticals and other compounds. [2] Wastewater-based epidemiology has also been adapted to measure the load of pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 in a community. [3]
A human pathogen is a pathogen (microbe or microorganism such as a virus, bacterium, prion, or fungus) that causes disease in humans. The human physiological defense against common pathogens (such as Pneumocystis ) is mainly the responsibility of the immune system with help by some of the body's normal microbiota .
Waterborne diseases are conditions (meaning adverse effects on human health, such as death, disability, illness or disorders) [1]: 47 caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted by water. These diseases can be spread while bathing, washing, drinking water, or by eating food exposed to contaminated water. [2]
The virus is unable to infect humans in the way it does insects, because human stomachs are acid-based and NPV requires an alkaline digestive system in order to replicate. It is possible for the virus crystals to enter human cells, but not to replicate to the point of causing illness. [8]