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Civil liberties are simply defined as individual legal and constitutional protections from entities more powerful than an individual, for example, parts of the government, other individuals, or corporations. The explicitly defined liberties make up the Bill of Rights, including freedom of speech, the right to bear arms, and the right to privacy ...
Individual liberties – specific exemptions from conditions of restraint, such as the liberty of local residents to fish in a town's river Soul liberty – also known as "Christian liberty", the freedom to live in a Godly way as prescribed by the Puritan clergy (as distinguished from religious tolerance )
Objectivist thinker Tibor Machan defends negative liberty as "required for moral choice and, thus, for human flourishing," claiming that it "is secured when the rights of individual members of a human community to life, to voluntary action (or to liberty of conduct), and to property are universally respected, observed, and defended."
[19] In the abstract, the constitution strives to secure fundamental individual liberties and rights, which are covered pointedly in articles 10 to 40. Most salient of the human dignity articles is article 25, section 1, which guarantees that all "people shall have the right to maintain the minimum standards of wholesome and cultured living."
The Body of Liberties was one of the earliest protections of individual rights in America. [3] Unlike many of the English sources of the time, the Body of Liberties was express in many of its grants and far more supportive of individual rights. [3] Despite the grants, the rights were modifiable by the General Court.
Furthermore, the speech established what would become the ideological basis for America's involvement in World War II, all framed in terms of individual rights and liberties that are the hallmark of American politics. [2] The speech delivered by President Roosevelt incorporated the following text, known as the "Four Freedoms": [6]
When civil and political rights are not guaranteed to all as part of equal protection of laws, or when such guarantees exist on paper but are not respected in practice, opposition, legal action and even social unrest may ensue. Civil rights movements in the United States gathered steam by 1848 with such documents as the Declaration of Sentiment.
The development of constitutionalism in America, contributes to the formation of state constitutions and the drafting of the federal Constitution. The influence of Bills of Rights, the principle of separation of powers, and the role of judicial review in safeguarding individual rights and limiting government powers are discussed.