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Exhalation is the flow of breath out of an organism, mainly to get rid of carbon dioxide. Learn about the anatomy, physiology, and measurement of exhalation, as well as the effects of diseases and smoking on lung function.
Learn about the movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the body, and the mechanisms of gas exchange in different species and conditions. Find out how respiration differs from cellular respiration, and explore the topics and experiments related to respiration.
Learn how the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and accessory muscles contribute to inhalation and exhalation. The diaphragm is the major muscle for breathing, while the intercostal muscles and accessory muscles assist in expanding and contracting the thoracic cavity.
The respiratory system is a biological system for gas exchange in animals and plants. It consists of specific organs and structures, such as lungs, airways, gills, or stomata, that vary depending on the size, environment, and evolution of the organism.
Breathing is the process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment. Learn how breathing is controlled by muscles, how it affects the body's pH and temperature, and what are its other functions such as speech and expression.
The apneustic center is a part of the pontine respiratory group in the brainstem that promotes inhalation. It sends signals to the medulla oblongata, where the dorsal and ventral respiratory groups control the rhythm and pattern of breathing.
Breathing is normally an unconscious, involuntary, automatic process. The pattern of motor stimuli during breathing can be divided into an inhalation stage and an exhalation stage. Inhalation shows a sudden, ramped increase in motor discharge to the respiratory muscles (and the pharyngeal constrictor muscles). [5]
Work of breathing is the energy expended to inhale and exhale a breathing gas. It can increase due to illness, gas flow resistance, ambient pressure, or breathing gas composition, and affect the diving performance and safety.