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The abundance of water, particularly liquid water, on Earth's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes it from other planets in the Solar System. Solar System planets with considerable atmospheres do partly host atmospheric water vapor, but they lack surface conditions for stable surface water. [209]
The Earth's terrain varies greatly from place to place. About 70.8% [18] of the surface is covered by water. The sea floor has mountainous features, including a globe-spanning mid-ocean ridge system, as well as undersea volcanoes, [19] oceanic trenches, submarine canyons, oceanic plateaus, and abyssal plains.
Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about 2,260 km (1,400 mi) thick, composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The outer core begins approximately 2,889 km (1,795 mi) beneath Earth's surface is at the core-mantle boundary and ends 5,150 km (3,200 mi) beneath Earth's ...
The transition between the inner core and outer core is located approximately 5,150 km (3,200 mi) beneath Earth's surface. Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the planet Earth. It is primarily a solid ball with a radius of about 1,220 km (760 mi), which is about 19% of Earth's radius [0.7% of volume] or 70% of the Moon's radius.
Caldera – Cauldron-like volcanic feature formed by the emptying of a magma chamber; Cave – Natural void under the Earth's surface; Cenote – Natural pit or sinkhole that exposes groundwater underneath; Cirque – An amphitheatre-like valley formed by glacial erosion; Crevasse – A deep crack, or fracture, in an ice sheet or glacier
Geographers study the Earth's spatial and temporal distribution of phenomena, processes, and features as well as the interaction of humans and their environment. [21] Because space and place affect a variety of topics, such as economics, health, climate, plants, and animals, geography is highly interdisciplinary. The interdisciplinary nature of ...
Solidified lava flow in Hawaii Sedimentary layers in Badlands National Park, South Dakota Metamorphic rock, Nunavut, Canada. Geology (from Ancient Greek γῆ (gê) 'earth' and λoγία () 'study of, discourse') [1] [2] is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time. [3]
Cartographic features are types of abstract geographical features, which appear on maps but not on the planet itself, even though they are located on the planet. For example, grid lines, latitudes , longitudes , the Equator , the prime meridian , and many types of boundary, are shown on maps of Earth, but do not physically exist.