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  2. Pauli exclusion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_exclusion_principle

    The Pauli exclusion principle helps explain a wide variety of physical phenomena. One particularly important consequence of the principle is the elaborate electron shell structure of atoms and the way atoms share electrons, explaining the variety of chemical elements and their chemical combinations.

  3. Stability of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stability_of_matter

    In other words, stability of matter is a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle. In real life electrons are indeed fermions, but finding the right way to use Pauli's principle and prove stability turned out to be remarkably difficult.

  4. Exchange interaction - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_interaction

    Multiple bosons may occupy the same quantum state; however, by the Pauli exclusion principle, no two fermions can occupy the same state. Since electrons have spin 1/2, they are fermions. This means that the overall wave function of a system must be antisymmetric when two electrons are exchanged, i.e. interchanged with respect to both spatial ...

  5. Fermi–Dirac statistics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi–Dirac_statistics

    The Pauli exclusion principle states that only one fermion can occupy any such sublevel. The number of ways of distributing n i indistinguishable particles among the g i sublevels of an energy level, with a maximum of one particle per sublevel, is given by the binomial coefficient, using its combinatorial interpretation: (,) =!!

  6. Spin–statistics theorem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin–statistics_theorem

    This is the Pauli exclusion principle: two identical fermions cannot occupy the same state. This rule does not hold for bosons. In quantum field theory, a state or a wavefunction is described by field operators operating on some basic state called the vacuum. In order for the operators to project out the symmetric or antisymmetric component of ...

  7. Degenerate matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degenerate_matter

    Degenerate matter occurs when the Pauli exclusion principle significantly alters a state of matter at low temperature. The term is used in astrophysics to refer to dense stellar objects such as white dwarfs and neutron stars, where thermal pressure alone is not enough to prevent gravitational collapse.

  8. Pauli matrices - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_matrices

    Wolfgang Pauli (1900–1958), c. 1924. Pauli received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1945, nominated by Albert Einstein, for the Pauli exclusion principle.. In mathematical physics and mathematics, the Pauli matrices are a set of three 2 × 2 complex matrices that are traceless, Hermitian, involutory and unitary.

  9. Category:Pauli exclusion principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pauli_exclusion...

    The Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle that states that two identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. Subcategories