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Emphysema is a respiratory disease of the lower respiratory tract. [7] It is commonly caused by tobacco smoking but some people are affected who have never smoked. [14] The presence of emphysema is a clear risk factor for lung cancer, made stronger in those who smoke. [20] Early symptoms of emphysema vary.
Signs and symptoms of spontaneous subcutaneous emphysema vary based on the cause, but it is often associated with swelling of the neck and chest pain, and may also involve sore throat, neck pain, difficulty swallowing, wheezing and difficulty breathing. [5] Chest X-rays may show air in the mediastinum, the middle of the chest cavity. [5]
Pages in category "Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system" The following 42 pages are in this category, out of 42 total. This list may not reflect recent changes .
The main symptom is usually severe central chest pain. Other symptoms include laboured breathing, voice distortion (as with helium) and subcutaneous emphysema, specifically affecting the face, neck, and chest. [4] Pneumomediastinum can also be characterized by the shortness of breath that is typical of a respiratory system problem.
After obtaining the patient's respiratory rate, the examiner looks for any signs of respiratory distress, which may include: Cyanosis, a bluish tinge of the extremities (peripheral cyanosis), or of tongue (central cyanosis) [4] Pursed-lip breathing [5] Accessory muscle use, including the scalene and intercostal muscles [5]
Hamman's sign (rarely, Hammond's sign [1] or Hammond's crunch [2]) is a medical sign consisting of a crunching, rasping sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, [3] heard over the precordium in spontaneous mediastinal emphysema. It is thought to result from the heart beating against air-filled tissues.
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