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Encryption in modern times is achieved by using algorithms that have a key to encrypt and decrypt information. These keys convert the messages and data into "digital gibberish" through encryption and then return them to the original form through decryption. In general, the longer the key is, the more difficult it is to crack the code.
1994 – Bruce Schneier's Applied Cryptography is published. 1994 – Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) encryption protocol released by Netscape. 1994 – Peter Shor devises an algorithm which lets quantum computers determine the factorization of large integers quickly. This is the first interesting problem for which quantum computers promise a ...
Despite its goal, encryption does not itself prevent interference but denies the intelligible content to a would-be interceptor. For technical reasons, an encryption scheme usually uses a pseudo-random encryption key generated by an algorithm. It is possible to decrypt the message without possessing the key but, for a well-designed encryption ...
The US National Security Agency developed the Secure Hash Algorithm series of MD5-like hash functions: SHA-0 was a flawed algorithm that the agency withdrew; SHA-1 is widely deployed and more secure than MD5, but cryptanalysts have identified attacks against it; the SHA-2 family improves on SHA-1, but is vulnerable to clashes as of 2011; and ...
RSA (Rivest–Shamir–Adleman) is a public-key cryptosystem, one of the oldest widely used for secure data transmission.The initialism "RSA" comes from the surnames of Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman, who publicly described the algorithm in 1977.
Ingrid Schaumuller-Bichl, Zur Analyse des Data Encryption Standard und Synthese Verwandter Chiffriersysteme, Ph.D. Thesis, Linz university, May 1981. (In German). Bruce Schneier, Matt Blaze (December 1994). The MacGuffin Block Cipher Algorithm (PDF/PostScript). 2nd International Workshop on Fast Software Encryption (FSE '94).
The method was followed shortly afterwards by RSA, an implementation of public-key cryptography using asymmetric algorithms. Expired US patent 4200770 [7] from 1977 describes the now public-domain algorithm. It credits Hellman, Diffie, and Merkle as inventors.
The Data Encryption Standard (DES / ˌ d iː ˌ iː ˈ ɛ s, d ɛ z /) is a symmetric-key algorithm for the encryption of digital data. Although its short key length of 56 bits makes it too insecure for modern applications, it has been highly influential in the advancement of cryptography.