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Bentonite usually forms from weathering of volcanic ash, most often in the presence of water. However, the term bentonite, as well as a similar clay called tonstein, have been used for clay beds of uncertain origin. For industrial purposes, two main classes of bentonite exist: sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite.
Bentonite layers from an ancient deposit of weathered volcanic ash tuff in Wyoming Gray shale and bentonites (Benton Shale; Colorado Springs, Colorado). Bentonite (/ ˈ b ɛ n t ə n aɪ t / BEN-tə-nyte) [1] [2] is an absorbent swelling clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite (a type of smectite) which can either be Na-montmorillonite or Ca-montmorillonite.
It is oldest salt production center in continental Europe (5500‑4200 BC). [1] It was the first prehistoric urban center in Europe (4700‑4200 BC) consisting of a salt production center, Solnitsata was a fortified stone settlement - citadelle, inner and outer city with pottery production site and the site of a salt production facility ...
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Vertically-tilted layers of Lower Cretaceous limestone of the Ritlite natural landmark in Lyutibrod. The geology of Bulgaria consists of two major structural features. The Rhodope Massif in southern Bulgaria is made up of Archean, Proterozoic and Cambrian rocks and is a sub-province of the Thracian-Anatolian polymetallic province.
Energy is one of the most important sectors in the Bulgarian economy, as it accounts for 18.2% [12] of total industrial production and employs 10.9% of the workforce in the secondary sector. Bulgaria is the primary exporter of electricity in south-eastern Europe as well as a major transit country for Russian oil and gas.
On 5 December 2023, Bulgaria announced that exports of Russian processed oil will cease by 1 January 2024. [11] The refinery will need an investment of €500m to reconfigure to process lighter grade crude oil. Bulgaria has announced that imports of Russian crude will cease on 1 March 2024, earlier than the EU concession date. [12] [a]
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