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The number of levels in the memory hierarchy and the performance at each level has increased over time. The type of memory or storage components also change historically. [6] For example, the memory hierarchy of an Intel Haswell Mobile [7] processor circa 2013 is: Processor registers – the fastest possible access (usually 1 CPU cycle). A few ...
Multiple levels of caching have been developed to deal with the widening gap, and the performance of high-speed modern computers relies on evolving caching techniques. [41] There can be up to a 53% difference between the growth in speed of processor and the lagging speed of main memory access. [42]
Because system performance depends on how fast memory can be used, this timing directly affects the performance of the system. The timing of modern synchronous dynamic random-access memory (SDRAM) is commonly indicated using four parameters: CL , T RCD , T RP , and T RAS in units of clock cycles ; they are commonly written as four numbers ...
Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) is a computer memory design used in multiprocessing, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to the processor. Under NUMA, a processor can access its own local memory faster than non-local memory (memory local to another processor or memory shared between processors). [1]
Until 2001–05, CPU speed, as measured by clock frequency, grew annually by 55%, whereas memory speed only grew by 7%. [1] This problem is known as the memory wall. The motivation for a cache and its hierarchy is to bridge this speed gap and overcome the memory wall. The critical component in most high-performance computers is the cache.
Accessing main memory can act as a bottleneck for CPU core performance as the CPU waits for data, while making all of main memory high-speed may be prohibitively expensive. High-speed caches are a compromise allowing high-speed access to the data most-used by the CPU, permitting a faster CPU clock. [2] Generic multi-level cache organization