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The garganey (Spatula querquedula) is a small dabbling duck.It breeds in much of Europe and across the Palearctic, but is strictly migratory, with the entire population moving to Africa, India (in particular Santragachi), Bangladesh (in the natural reservoirs of Sylhet district) and Australasia during the winter of the Northern hemisphere, [2] where large flocks can occur.
They are found in all temperate and tropical oceans, usually at depths of several hundred meters. [3] There are about 32 species in as many as 9 genera, although some authorities recognise fewer genera than Fishbase does. Members of the family are generally small, with some ranging up to 40 cm, but most no more than 15 cm.
A planktivore is an aquatic organism that feeds on planktonic food, including zooplankton and phytoplankton. [1] [2] Planktivorous organisms encompass a range of some of the planet's smallest to largest multicellular animals in both the present day and in the past billion years; basking sharks and copepods are just two examples of giant and microscopic organisms that feed upon plankton.
The upper value, 5.0, is unusual, even for large fish, [7] though it occurs in apex predators of marine mammals, such as polar bears and killer whales. [8] As a point of contrast, humans have a mean trophic level of about 2.21, about the same as a pig or an anchovy. [9] [10]
[9] Spongivores have adapted to be able to handle the secondary metabolites that sponges have. Therefore, spongivores are able to consume a variety of sponges without getting harmed. [9] Spongivores also have enough brain development to be able to remember the same species of sponge it has eaten in the past and will continue to eat in the ...
CO 2 (g) + H 2 O(l) ⥨ H 2 CO 3 (aq) H 2 CO 3 (aq) ⥨ HCO 3 − (aq) + H + (aq) HCO 3 − (aq) ⥨ CO 3 2− (aq) + H + (aq) This series of reactions governs the pH levels in the ocean and also dictates the saturation state of seawater, indicating how saturated or unsaturated the seawater is with carbonate ions. Consequently, the saturation ...
Ca 2+ + 2HCO 3 − → CO 2 + H 2 O + CaCO 3 [112] The relationship between dissolved calcium and calcium carbonate is affected greatly by the levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the atmosphere. Increased carbon dioxide leads to more bicarbonate in the ocean according to the following equation: CO 2 + CO 3 2− + H 2 O → 2HCO 3 − [115]
Available Earth System Models suggest that ongoing ocean bio-geochemical changes could trigger reductions in ocean NPP between 3% and 10% of current values depending on the emissions scenario. [ 10 ] In 2020 researchers reported that measurements over the last two decades of primary production in the Arctic Ocean show an increase of nearly 60% ...