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A ganglion (pl.: ganglia) is a group of neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. In the somatic nervous system , this includes dorsal root ganglia and trigeminal ganglia among a few others.
Afferent nerve cell bodies bring information from the body to the brain and spinal cord, while efferent nerve cell bodies bring information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. The cell bodies create long sympathetic chains that are on either side of the spinal cord. They also form para- or pre-vertebral ganglia of gross anatomy.
The dorsal root ganglion contains cell bodies for sensory nerves including large, myelinated Aβ fibers which carry proprioception and tactile touch sensation to the brain via the dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway and small, unmyelinated C fibers which carry thermal and pain sensation to the brain via the spinothalamic tract. [2]
The trigeminal ganglion contains cell bodies of the pseudo-unipolar sensory neurons of the trigeminal nerve which extend their axons both distally/peripherally into the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve on the one end, and proximally/centrally to the brainstem on the other end; the trigeminal root extends from the trigeminal ganglion to the ventrolateral aspect of the pons.
The lumbar splanchnic nerves travel through the lumbar sympathetic ganglion but do not synapse there. Instead, they synapse at the inferior mesenteric ganglion and innervate the smooth muscle lining the large intestines, kidney, bladder, glands of the hindgut, and pelvic viscera. [3]
Constipation or diarrhea, emesis, anorexia, early satiety, and abdominal pain are common symptoms of gastrointestinal dysmotility, which affects 70% of patients. [ 1 ] Although about a quarter of patients report neuropathic symptoms such as tingling in the distal extremities, sensory examination and nerve conduction studies are normal.
The indications for ganglion impar blockade are based on the anatomical location of pain and include various conditions such as perineal pain (with or without malignancy), rectal/anal pain (proctitis), distal urethral pain, vulvodynia, scrotal pain, female pelvic/vaginal pain (distal 1/3), sympathetically-maintained pain (e.g., Complex Regional ...
The celiac ganglion is part of the sympathetic prevertebral chain possessing a great variety of specific receptors and neurotransmitters such as catecholamines, neuropeptides, and nitric oxide and constitutes a modulation center in the pathway of the afferent and efferent fibers between the central nervous system and the ovary.