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Gelatinase biosynthesis-activating pheromone abbreviated as GBAP is a cyclic peptide produced by pathogenic bacteria such as Enterococcus faecalis. [1] GAP is part of the quorum sensing system of certain bacteria where it positively regulates the expression of gelatinase and serine proteases that are under the control of the gelE-sprE operon.
The last part of the EC number is the serial number, identifying specific enzymes within a sub-subclass. 24 represents gelatinase A, which is a metalloproteinase that breaks down gelatin and collagen, while 35 represents gelatinase B, which hydrolyzes peptide bonds.
The gelatin test is used to analyze whether a microbe can hydrolyze gelatin with the enzyme gelatinase. The gelatin makes the agar solid, so if an organism can produce gelatinase and consume gelatin as an energy and carbon source, the agar will become liquid during growth.
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), also known as oncogene 24p3 or neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the LCN2 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] NGAL is involved in innate immunity by sequestering iron and preventing its use by bacteria , thus limiting their growth. [ 8 ]
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Blood agar plates (BAPs) contain mammalian blood (usually sheep or horse), typically at a 5–10% concentration. BAPs are enriched, and differential media is used to isolate fastidious organisms and detect hemolytic activity. β-Hemolytic activity will show lysis and complete digestion of red blood cell contents surrounding a colony.
The small molecules, generated by the exoenzyme activity, enter into cells and are utilized for various cellular functions. Bacteria and fungi also produce exoenzymes to digest nutrients in their environment , and these organisms can be used to conduct laboratory assays to identify the presence and function of such exoenzymes. [ 2 ]
Floch C, Alarcon-Gutiérrez E, Criquet S. 2007. ABTS assay of phenol oxidase activity in soil. Journal of Microbiological Methods. 71, 319–324. Gaby W L, Hadley C. 1957. Practical laboratory test for the identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of bacteriology. 74, 356–358.