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  2. Weathering - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathering

    Thermal stress weathering is an important mechanism in deserts, where there is a large diurnal temperature range, hot in the day and cold at night. [14] As a result, thermal stress weathering is sometimes called insolation weathering, but this is misleading. Thermal stress weathering can be caused by any large change of temperature, and not ...

  3. Butte - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butte

    The harder rock on top of the butte resists erosion. The caprock provides protection for the less resistant rock below from wind abrasion which leaves it standing isolated. As the top is further eroded by abrasion and weathering, the excess material that falls off adds to the scree or talus slope around the base. [ 4 ]

  4. Glossary of landforms - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_landforms

    Honeycomb weathering – Form of cavernous weathering and subcategory of tafoni; Impact crater – Circular depression in a solid astronomical body formed by the impact of a smaller object; Joint valley – Landscape originates from the erosion of joints in the bedrock, leaving out small plateaus or ridges in between. Common in Fennoscandia.

  5. Erosion surface - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion_surface

    Foreground shows corals truncated by erosion; behind the geologist is a post-erosion coral pillar which grew on the surface after sea level rose again. In geology and geomorphology, an erosion surface is a surface of rock or regolith that was formed by erosion [1] and not by construction (e.g. lava flows, sediment deposition [1]) nor fault ...

  6. Erosion - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erosion

    Erosion and changes in the form of river banks may be measured by inserting metal rods into the bank and marking the position of the bank surface along the rods at different times. [23] Thermal erosion is the result of melting and weakening permafrost due to moving water. [24] It can occur both along rivers and at the coast.

  7. Mesa - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa

    Mesas form by weathering and erosion of horizontally layered rocks that have been uplifted by tectonic activity. Variations in the ability of different types of rock to resist weathering and erosion cause the weaker types of rocks to be eroded away, leaving the more resistant types of rocks topographically higher than their surroundings. [11]

  8. Denudation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denudation

    Denudation incorporates the mechanical, biological, and chemical processes of erosion, weathering, and mass wasting. Denudation can involve the removal of both solid particles and dissolved material. These include sub-processes of cryofracture, insolation weathering, slaking, salt weathering, bioturbation, and anthropogenic impacts. [4]

  9. Case hardening of rocks - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Case_hardening_of_rocks

    Case hardening is a weathering phenomenon of rock surface induration.It is observed commonly in: felsic alkaline rocks, such as nepheline syenite, phonolite and trachyte; pyroclastic rocks, as pyroclastic flow deposit, fine air-fall deposits and vent-filling pyroclastic deposits; sedimentary rocks, as sandstone and mudstone.