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The doubtful debt reserve holds a sum of money to allow a reduction in the accounts receivable ledger due to non-collection of debts. This can also be referred to as an allowance for bad debts. Once a doubtful debt becomes uncollectible, the amount will be written off. [4]
Conservatism plays an important role in a number of accounting rules, including the allowance for doubtful debts [3] and the lower of cost or market rule, [4] which states that one should record inventory at the lower of either its acquisition cost or its current market value.
The allowance is a topic of much regulatory scrutiny, and a review of the ALLL methodology is a significant portion of a financial institution's safety and soundness exam because it is important for federal bank examiners to ensure that an institution has a sufficient amount of capital in the allowance reserve.
The accounting equation relates assets, liabilities, and owner's equity: Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity. The accounting equation is the mathematical structure of the balance sheet. Probably the most accepted accounting definition of liability is the one used by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). The following is a ...
The financial crisis of 2007-2008 demonstrated that the then Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses (ALLL) accounting standard/framework did not allow for timely adjustment of reserve levels based on reasonable expectation of future conditions. It relied on losses that were incurred but not realized, i.e., when it was known with some expectation ...
IAS 37 establishes the definition of a provision as a "liability of uncertain timing or amount", and requires that all the following conditions be fulfilled before a provision can be recognized: the entity currently has a liability as a result of a past event; an outflow of resources is likely to be needed to settle the liability; and
The recording of the liability in the entity's balance sheet is matched to an appropriate expense account on the entity's income statement. In U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP), a provision is an expense. Thus, "Provision for Income Taxes" is an expense in U.S. GAAP but a liability in IFRS.
Likewise, in the liability account below, the X in the credit column denotes the increasing effect on the liability account balance (total credits less total debits), because a credit to a liability account is an increase. All "mini-ledgers" in this section show standard increasing attributes for the five elements of accounting.