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UTI can be categorized into two primary types: cystitis, which refers to lower urinary tract or bladder infection, and pyelonephritis, which indicates upper urinary tract or kidney infection. [1] Escherichia coli (E. Coli) is the predominant microbial trigger of UTIs, accounting for 75% to 95% of reported cases.
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection that affects a part of the urinary tract. [1] Lower urinary tract infections may involve the bladder ( cystitis ) or urethra ( urethritis ) while upper urinary tract infections affect the kidney ( pyelonephritis ). [ 10 ]
Symptomatic bacteriuria is bacteriuria with the accompanying symptoms of a urinary tract infection (such as frequent urination, painful urination, fever, back pain, abdominal pain and blood in the urine) and includes pyelonephritis or cystitis. [11] The most common cause of urinary tract infections is Escherichia coli. [citation needed]
E. coli can invade the superficial umbrella cells of the bladder to form intracellular bacterial communities (IBCs), which can mature into biofilms. These biofilm-producing E. coli are resistant to antibiotic therapy and immune system responses, and present a possible explanation for recurrent urinary tract infections, including pyelonephritis ...
Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC or EAggEC) are a pathotype of Escherichia coli which cause acute and chronic diarrhea in both the developed and developing world. [1] [2] They may also cause urinary tract infections. [2] EAEC are defined by their "stacked-brick" pattern of adhesion to the human laryngeal epithelial cell line HEp-2. [3]
The risk of UTI recurrence with Uromune treatment has been found to increase with time, suggesting that the vaccine gradually wears off. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] In a 2022 long-term prospective observational study with 1,003 patients, Uromune reduced the number of UTIs to 0–2 in 95.5% at 3 months, in 86.8% at 6 months, and in 54.7% at 12 months. [ 7 ]