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Desquamative gingivitis is a descriptive clinical term, not a diagnosis. [1] Dermatologic conditions cause about 75% of cases of desquamative gingivitis, and over 95% of the dermatologic cases are accounted for by either oral lichen planus or cicatricial pemphigoid. [1]
Gingivitis is a non-destructive disease that causes inflammation of the gums; [1] ulitis is an alternative term. [2] The most common form of gingivitis, and the most common form of periodontal disease overall, is in response to bacterial biofilms (also called plaque) that are attached to tooth surfaces, termed plaque-induced gingivitis.
Foreign body reactions appear as red or red and white, possibly painful longstanding lesions similar to desquamative gingivitis, or be granulomatous or lichenoid in nature. Tiny particles of dental materials (e.g. abrasive polishing pastes) may become impregnated in the gingival tissues and trigger a chronic inflammatory cell response.
The most common gingival disease is gingivitis, the earliest stage of gingival-related diseases. Gingival disease encompasses all the conditions that surround the gums, this includes plaque-induced gingivitis, non-dental biofilm plaque-induced gingivitis, and periodontal diseases .
Examples include neoplasms of the gingival or alveolar mucosa (usually squamous cell carcinoma), [37]: 299 conditions which cause gingivostomatitis and desquamative gingivitis. Various conditions may involve the alveolar bone, and cause non-odontogenic toothache, such as Burkitt's lymphoma , [ 38 ] : 340 infarcts in the jaws caused by sickle ...
Desquamative gingivitis can be seen in patients with lichen planus. Biopsy is done for definitive diagnosis of lichen planus. [18] [23] Graft-versus-host disease: An autoimmune disease developed following bone marrow transplant in which its oral presentation is similar to lichen planus. [18] [24] [25]
Scale forms on the skin surface in various disease settings, and is the result of abnormal desquamation. In pathologic desquamation, such as that seen in X-linked ichthyosis, the stratum corneum becomes thicker (hyperkeratosis), imparting a "dry" or scaly appearance to the skin, and instead of detaching as single cells, corneocytes are shed in clusters, which forms visible scales. [2]
Plasma cell gingivitis may also occur, which may be accompanied by glossitis and cheilitis. [7] Patch test. Allergens that may cause allergic contact stomatitis in some individuals include cinnamaldehyde, Balsam of Peru, peppermint, mercury, gold, pyrophosphates, zinc citrate, free acrylic monomer, nickel, fluoride, and sodium lauryl sulfate.