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Since it is difficult to measure extrapyramidal symptoms, rating scales are commonly used to assess the severity of movement disorders. The Simpson-Angus Scale (SAS), Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS), Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS), and Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) are rating scales frequently used for such assessment and are not weighted for diagnostic purposes ...
In psychology, rigidity, or mental rigidity, refers to an obstinate inability to yield or a refusal to appreciate another person's viewpoint or emotions and the tendency to perseverate, which is the inability to change habits and modify concepts and attitudes once developed. [1] [2]
Rigidity (neurology), an increase in muscle tone leading to a resistance to passive movement throughout the range of motion; Rigidity (psychology), an obstacle to problem solving which arises from over-dependence on prior experiences
In many people with SPS, muscle rigidity eventually progresses from the trunk to the limbs — first affecting muscles closest to the trunk, then further. [6] Stiffened limbs can affect a person's balance and gait , causing awkward 'statue-like' falls, where the affected person cannot put out their arms to soften the impact. [ 6 ]
Muscle dysmorphia affects mostly men, particularly those involved in sports where body size or weight are competitive factors, becoming rationales to gain muscle or become leaner. [3] The quest to seemingly fix one's body consumes inordinate time, attention, and resources, as on exercise routines, dietary regimens, and nutritional ...
In those unable to control their secretions, or who have muscle spams of the respiratory muscles, mechanical ventilation may be needed. [7] The best pharmacological treatment is still unclear. Dantrolene has been used when needed to reduce muscle rigidity, and dopamine pathway medications such as bromocriptine have shown benefit. [44]
Malignant hyperthermia and malignant catatonia share features of autonomic instability, hyperthermia, and rigidity. However, malignant hyperthermia is a hereditary disorder of skeletal muscle that makes these patients susceptible to exposure to halogenated anesthetics and/or depolarizing muscle relaxants like succinylcholine. [53]
Paratonia is the inability to relax muscles during muscle tone assessment. There are two types of paratonia: oppositional and facilitatory. There are two types of paratonia: oppositional and facilitatory.