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Cast iron development lagged in Europe because wrought iron was the desired product and the intermediate step of producing cast iron involved an expensive blast furnace and further refining of pig iron to cast iron, which then required a labor and capital intensive conversion to wrought iron.
The Age of Iron in South Asia: Legacy and Tradition. Aryan Books International. Tylecote, R.F. (1975). A History of Metallurgy. Great Britain: Institute of Materials. Waldbaum, J.C. (1978). From Bronze to Iron: The Transition from the Bronze Age to the Iron Age in the Eastern Mediterranean. Vol. 54– 55. P. Aström. ISBN 978-91-85058-79-2.
Iron is a chemical element; it has the symbol Fe (from Latin ferrum 'iron') and atomic number 26. It is a metal that belongs to the first transition series and group 8 of the periodic table. It is, by mass, the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core.
Gold, silver, iron (as meteoric iron), lead, and brass were likewise in use before the first known appearance of bronze in the fifth millennium BCE. Subsequent developments include the production of early forms of steel; the discovery of sodium —the first light metal —in 1809; the rise of modern alloy steels ; and, since the end of World ...
Jōmon pottery, Japanese Stone Age Trundholm sun chariot, Nordic Bronze Age Iron Age house keys Cave of Letters, Nahal Hever Canyon, Israel Museum, Jerusalem. The three-age system is the periodization of human prehistory (with some overlap into the historical periods in a few regions) into three time-periods: the Stone Age, the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age, [1] [2] although the concept may ...
New Delhi’s Iron Pillar has long fascinated scientists both at home and abroad. But it wasn’t until 2003 that experts cracked the metallurgical mystery behind this unusual attraction.
The precious metals market has seen unprecedented growth this year. Gold prices have shattered records, reaching an all-time high of over $2,700 per ounce in October.
The wrecking of Japanese and Chinese vessels in the North Pacific basin was fairly common, and the iron tools and weaponry they carried provided the necessary materials for the development of the local ironwork traditions among the Northwestern Pacific Coast peoples, [59] although there were also other sources of iron, like that from meteorites ...