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The "Paris meridian arc" or "French meridian arc" (French: la Méridienne de France) is the name of the meridian arc measured along the Paris meridian. [1] The French meridian arc was important for French cartography, since the triangulations of France began with the measurement of the French meridian arc. Moreover, the French meridian arc was ...
In cartography, a conformal map projection is one in which every angle between two curves that cross each other on Earth (a sphere or an ellipsoid) is preserved in the image of the projection; that is, the projection is a conformal map in the mathematical sense. For example, if two roads cross each other at a 39° angle, their images on a map ...
Appearance depends on reference parallel, but cordiform in all but the limiting case. General case of both Werner and sinusoidal. 2003 Bottomley: Pseudoconical Equal-area Henry Bottomley: Alternative to the Bonne projection with simpler overall shape. Parallels are elliptical arcs Appearance depends on reference parallel. c. 1820: American ...
In geodesy and navigation, a meridian arc is the curve between two points near the Earth's surface having the same longitude. The term may refer either to a segment of the meridian, or to its length. Both the practical determination of meridian arcs (employing measuring instruments in field campaigns) as well as its theoretical calculation ...
Later arc measurements aimed at determining the flattening of the Earth ellipsoid by measuring at different geographic latitudes. The first of these was the French Geodesic Mission, commissioned by the French Academy of Sciences in 1735–1738, involving measurement expeditions to Lapland (Maupertuis et al.) and Peru (Pierre Bouguer et al.).
In 1791, the French Academy of Sciences chose to define the metre as one ten-millionth of the distance from the equator to the North or South Pole. This replaced the earlier definition based on the period of a pendulum, because the force of Earth's gravity varies slightly over the surface of the Earth, which affects the period of a pendulum. [1]
French verbs have a large number of simple (one-word) forms. These are composed of two distinct parts: the stem (or root, or radix), which indicates which verb it is, and the ending (inflection), which indicates the verb's tense (imperfect, present, future etc.) and mood and its subject's person (I, you, he/she etc.) and number, though many endings can correspond to multiple tense-mood-subject ...
In other registers French tends to not use any negation at all in such clauses, e.g., J'ai peur que cela se reproduise. The following contexts allow expletive ne the complement clause of verbs expressing fear or avoidance: craindre (to fear), avoir peur (to be afraid), empêcher (to prevent), éviter (to avoid)