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Traditionally, CSF was evaluated mainly using invasive procedures such as lumbar puncture, myelographies, radioisotope studies, and intracranial pressure monitoring. Recently, rapid advances in imaging techniques have provided non-invasive methods for flow assessment. One of the best-known methods is Phase-Contrast MRI and it is the only ...
Contrast-enhanced brain MRI with sagittal reformats can assess for the following: [6] [8] Subdural fluid collections; Enhancement of the meninges; Engorgement of venous structures; Pituitary swelling; Sagging of the brain; For suspected spinal CSF leaks, spine imaging can be used to guide treatment. [8]
Cisternography is a medical imaging technique to examine the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, and spinal cord. [1] [2] The gold standard for diagnosis of a cranial cerebrospinal fluid leak is CT cisternography. [2] For the diagnosis of a spinal CSF leak radionuclide cisternography also known as radioisotope cisternography is used ...
If a leak is identified, a beta-2 transferrin test of the leaking fluid, when positive, is highly specific and sensitive for the detection for CSF leakage. [34] Medical imaging such as CT scans and MRI scans can be used to investigate for a presumed CSF leak when no obvious leak is found but low CSF pressure is identified. [35]
Subdural hygromas require two conditions in order to occur. First, there must be a separation in the layers of the Meninges of the brain. Second, the resulting subdural space that occurs from the separation of layers must remain uncompressed in order for CSF to accumulate in the subdural space, resulting in the hygroma. [1]
The first MR images of a human brain were obtained in 1978 by two groups of researchers at EMI Laboratories led by Ian Robert Young and Hugh Clow. [1] In 1986, Charles L. Dumoulin and Howard R. Hart at General Electric developed MR angiography, [2] and Denis Le Bihan obtained the first images and later patented diffusion MRI. [3]
Spontaneous intracranial hypotension may occur as a result of an occult leak of CSF at the level of the spine, into another body cavity. More commonly, decreased ICP is the result of lumbar puncture or other medical procedure involving the spinal cord. Various medical imaging technologies exist to assist in identifying the cause of decreased ICP.
Fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is a magnetic resonance imaging sequence with an inversion recovery set to null fluids. For example, it can be used in brain imaging to suppress cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) effects on the image, so as to bring out the periventricular hyperintense lesions, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) plaques. [1]