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Properties of this ternary operation have been used to define planar ternary rings in the foundations of projective geometry. In the Euclidean plane with points a, b, c referred to an origin, the ternary operation [,,] = + has been used to define free vectors. [2]
A planar ternary ring (PTR) or ternary field is special type of ternary system used by Marshall Hall [1] to construct projective planes by means of coordinates. A planar ternary ring is not a ring in the traditional sense, but any field gives a planar ternary ring where the operation T {\displaystyle T} is defined by T ( a , b , c ) = a b + c ...
In the above example, IIf is a ternary function, but not a ternary operator. As a function, the values of all three portions are evaluated before the function call occurs. This imposed limitations, and in Visual Basic .Net 9.0, released with Visual Studio 2008, an actual conditional operator was introduced, using the If keyword instead of IIf ...
Suppose A, B, C are on one line and A', B', C' on another. If the lines AB' and A'B are parallel and the lines BC' and B'C are parallel, then the lines CA' and C'A are parallel. (This is the affine version of Pappus's hexagon theorem). The full axiom system proposed has point, line, and line containing point as primitive notions:
The Upper and Lower Dimension axioms together require that any model of these axioms have dimension 2, i.e. that we are axiomatizing the Euclidean plane. Suitable changes in these axioms yield axiom sets for Euclidean geometry for dimensions 0, 1, and greater than 2 (Tarski and Givant 1999: Axioms 8 (1), 8 (n), 9 (0), 9 (1), 9 (n)).
Plane equation in normal form. In Euclidean geometry, a plane is a flat two-dimensional surface that extends indefinitely. Euclidean planes often arise as subspaces of three-dimensional space. A prototypical example is one of a room's walls, infinitely extended and assumed infinitesimal thin.
For example, if the affine transformation acts on the plane and if the determinant of is 1 or −1 then the transformation is an equiareal mapping. Such transformations form a subgroup called the equi-affine group. [13] A transformation that is both equi-affine and a similarity is an isometry of the plane taken with Euclidean distance.
The archetypical example is the real projective plane, also known as the extended Euclidean plane. [1] This example, in slightly different guises, is important in algebraic geometry , topology and projective geometry where it may be denoted variously by PG(2, R ) , RP 2 , or P 2 ( R ), among other notations.