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The APR credential was established in 1964 as a certification program sponsored by the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA). [1] The PRSA continued to manage the program until 1998 when the Universal Accreditation Board - consisting of approximately 25 representatives from nine major PR professional societies — was formed as part of an effort to make the credential an industry-wide ...
The Chartered Institute of Public Relations (CIPR) is a professional body in the United Kingdom for public relations practitioners. Founded as the Institute for Public Relations in 1948, [2] CIPR was awarded Chartered status by the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 2005 and added "Chartered" to its name. [3] As of late 2012, CIPR had ...
It promotes high ethical standards in the public relations and communication industry through accredited membership, resources, training, and recognition. PRIA was founded in 1949. It sponsors the open access Asia Pacific Public Relations Journal. The organisation is a member of the Global Alliance for Public Relations and Communication Management.
The Institute for Public Relations (IPR) is a United States-based, non-profit organization that organizes and sponsors research on public relations. [1] [2]The IPR traces its origins to the 1956 establishment of the Foundations for Public Relations Research and Education, a program of the Public Relations Society of America (PRSA). [3]
A certification is a third-party attestation of an individual's level of knowledge or proficiency in a certain industry or profession. They are granted by authorities in the field, such as professional societies and universities, or by private certificate-granting agencies.
Negative public relations, also called dark public relations (DPR), 'black hat PR' and in some earlier writing "Black PR", is a process of destroying the target's reputation and/or corporate identity. The objective in DPR is to discredit someone else, who may pose a threat to the client's business or be a political rival.