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"Mirror forms", P, R, I, and RI, of a tone row (from Arnold Schoenberg's Variations for Orchestra Op. 31, "Called mirror forms because...they are identical". [1]In music, a tone row or note row (German: Reihe or Tonreihe), also series or set, [2] is a non-repetitive ordering of a set of pitch-classes, typically of the twelve notes in musical set theory of the chromatic scale, though both ...
The twelve-tone technique—also known as dodecaphony, twelve-tone serialism, and (in British usage) twelve-note composition—is a method of musical composition.The technique is a means of ensuring that all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are sounded equally often in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any one note [3] through the use of tone rows, orderings of the 12 pitch classes.
The Grandmother chord is an eleven-interval, twelve-note, invertible chord with all of the properties of the Mother chord. Additionally, the intervals are so arranged that they alternate odd and even intervals (counted by semitones) and that the odd intervals successively decrease by one whole-tone while the even intervals successively increase by one whole-tone. [13]
The chromatic scale is a musical scale with twelve pitches, each a semitone, also known as a half-step, above or below its adjacent pitches. As a result, in 12-tone equal temperament (the most common tuning in Western music), the chromatic scale covers all 12 of the available pitches. Thus, there is only one chromatic scale.
For a list of ordered collections, see: list of tone rows and series. Sets are listed with links to their complements. The prime form of unsymmetrical sets is marked "A". Inversions are marked "B" (sets not marked "A" or "B" are symmetrical). "T" and "E" are conventionally used in sets to notate ten and eleven, respectively, as single characters.
The work is the earliest in which Schoenberg employs a row of "12 tones related only to one another" in every movement: [citation needed] the earlier 5 Stücke, Op. 23 (1920–23) employs a 12-tone row only in the final waltz movement, and the Serenade, Op. 24, uses a single row in its central Sonnet. The basic tone row of the suite consists of ...
D harmonic minor & in the inverted row-form added-sixth chord with both major and minor third : I: 0 t 9 7 5 4 1 8 6 2 4 e: P: 0 2 3 6 8 t 5 7 9 e 1 4: 2 1 3 2 2 5 2 2 2 2 3: Ernst Krenek: Lamentatio Jeremiae Prophetae, Op. 93, row 2 [18] 1940–41 6-34: 6-34: RI-symmetry I: 0 t 9 6 4 2 7 5 3 1 e 8: P: 0 2 4 5 8 t 6 7 9 e 1 3
In his late twelve-tone works, however, Igor Stravinsky preferred the opposite order, so that his row charts use inverse retrograde (IR) forms for his source sets, instead of retrograde inversions (RI), although he sometimes labeled them RI in his sketches. [5] For example, the forms of the row from Requiem Canticles are as follows: