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To use one of these character entity references in an HTML or XML document, enter an ampersand (&) followed by the entity name, and a semicolon (mandatory in XML, and strongly recommended in HTML for all entities, even if HTML allows omitting the semicolon only from some entities indicated below by [b]), e.g., enter © for the copyright ...
In SGML, XML, and HTML, the ampersand is used to introduce an SGML entity, such as (for non-breaking space) or α (for the Greek letter α). The HTML and XML encoding for the ampersand character is the entity &. [38] This can create a problem known as delimiter collision when converting text into one of these markup languages.
The format is the same as for any entity reference: &name; where name is the case-sensitive name of the entity. The semicolon is required. Because numbers are harder for humans to remember than names, character entity references are most often written by humans, while numeric character references are most often produced by computer programs. [1]
Character entity references can also have the format &name; where name is a case-sensitive alphanumeric string. For example, "λ" can also be encoded as λ in an HTML document. The character entity references < , > , " and & are predefined in HTML and SGML, because < , > , " and & are already used to delimit markup.
A numeric character reference (NCR) is a common markup construct used in SGML and SGML-derived markup languages such as HTML and XML. It consists of a short sequence of characters that, in turn, represents a single character. Since WebSgml, XML and HTML 4, the code points of the Universal Character Set (UCS) of Unicode are used.
The W3C standard XML Entity Definitions for Characters April 1, 2010 is the final authority on entity names. The ISO original standards committee (ISO/IECJTC1 SC34) invited the W3C MathML working group to take over the maintenance and development of entity names. The Unicode Consortium accepts the ISO recommendation.
Web pages authored using HyperText Markup Language may contain multilingual text represented with the Unicode universal character set.Key to the relationship between Unicode and HTML is the relationship between the "document character set", which defines the set of characters that may be present in an HTML document and assigns numbers to them, and the "external character encoding", or "charset ...
Of course, when a name exists, a named reference (e.g., — for an em dash) is usually more convenient (and more easily recognized) than either numerical code. HTML character names (and the corresponding hexadecimal and decimal codes) are given in List of XML and HTML character entity references.