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In HTML and XML, a numeric character reference refers to a character by its Universal Character Set/Unicode code point, and uses the format: &#xhhhh;. or &#nnnn; where the x must be lowercase in XML documents, hhhh is the code point in hexadecimal form, and nnnn is the code point in decimal form.
Incorrect HTML entity escaping may also open up security vulnerabilities for injection attacks such as cross-site scripting. If HTML attributes are left unquoted, certain characters, most importantly whitespace, such as space and tab, must be escaped using entities. Other languages related to HTML have their own methods of escaping characters.
This page lists codes for keyboard characters, the computer code values for common characters, such as the Unicode or HTML entity codes (see below: Table of HTML values"). There are also key chord combinations, such as keying an en dash ('–') by holding ALT+0150 on the numeric keypad of MS Windows computers.
A numeric character reference (NCR) is a common markup construct used in SGML and SGML-derived markup languages such as HTML and XML. It consists of a short sequence of characters that, in turn, represents a single character. Since WebSgml, XML and HTML 4, the code points of the Universal Character Set (UCS) of Unicode are used.
A second common application of non-breaking spaces is in plain text file formats such as SGML, HTML, TeX and LaTeX, whose rendering engines are programmed to treat sequences of whitespace characters (space, newline, tab, form feed, etc.) as if they were a single character (but this behavior can be overridden).
For HTML character entities, there are separate definitions that differ only by case (e.g. Ø and ø for an upper-/lowercase letter "O" with a forward slash (Ø and ø). But does the standard allow "free case" where no ambiguity exists?
Web pages authored using HyperText Markup Language may contain multilingual text represented with the Unicode universal character set.Key to the relationship between Unicode and HTML is the relationship between the "document character set", which defines the set of characters that may be present in an HTML document and assigns numbers to them, and the "external character encoding", or "charset ...
HTML markup consists of several key components, including those called tags (and their attributes), character-based data types, character references and entity references. HTML tags most commonly come in pairs like < h1 > and </ h1 >, although some represent empty elements and so are unpaired, for example < img >.