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The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral-tibial angle. In human females the femora converge more than in males because the pelvic bone is wider in females. In the condition genu valgum the femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another. The opposite extreme is genu varum (bow-leggedness)
The knee is allowed to sag into complete extension. The opposite hand grasps the lateral portion of the leg at the level of the superior tibiofibular joint, increasing the force of internal rotation. While maintaining internal rotation, a valgus force is applied to the knee while it is slowly flexed. If the tibia's position on the femur reduces ...
Evaluation of passive and active range of motion: Neck range of motion should be assessed that may reveal a neck source of shoulder pain. The Apley scratch test specifically tests range of motion and in a normal exam, an individual should be able to reach C7 on external rotation, and T7 on internal rotation. Evaluation of distal pulses
On X-rays, there is generally measurement of both the femur and the tibia, as well as both combined. [4] Various measuring points for these have been suggested, but a functional method is to measure the distances between joint surfaces: [4] Femur length: The superior aspect of the femoral head and the distal portion of the medial femoral condyle.
Bone malrotation refers to the situation that results when a bone heals out of rotational alignment from another bone, or part of bone. It often occurs as the result of a surgical complication after a fracture where intramedullary nailing (IMN) occurs, [1] especially in the femur and tibial bones, but can also occur genetically at birth.
Medial and lateral rotation of the shoulder (also known as internal and external rotation). Medial rotation is carried out by the anterior fibres of the deltoid, teres major, subscapularis, pectoralis major and the latissimus dorsi. Lateral rotation is carried out by the posterior fibres of the deltoid, infraspinatus and the teres minor.
A 1992 study concluded that 73% of workers aged 20 to 50 years have a right rounded shoulder, [3] and 66% of them have a left rounded shoulder. [3] It is commonly believed that digitalisation [ 4 ] combined with the improper use of digital devices have resulted in the prevalence of sedentary lifestyles, which contribute to bad posture.
Energy expenditure is commonly used as a measure of gait quality and efficiency. Human metabolic rates are usually recorded via measuring the maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2 max) during controlled incremental exercise under observation. Treadmills are used for gait analysis and standard walking tests. Able-bodied and athletic individuals on ...