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The mineral ions introduced during remineralisation restore the structure of the hydroxyapatite crystals. [22] If fluoride ions are present during the remineralisation, through water fluoridation or the use of fluoride-containing toothpaste , the stronger and more acid-resistant fluorapatite crystals are formed instead of the hydroxyapatite ...
Plaque and calculus deposits are a major etiological factor in the development and progression of oral disease. An important part of the scope of practice of a dental hygienist is the removal of plaque and calculus deposits. This is achieved through the use of specifically designed instruments for debridement of tooth surfaces.
This is important for long-term use of some materials, such as composites and sealants. [13] By dissolving minerals in enamel, etchants remove the outer 10 micrometers on the enamel surface and make a porous layer 5–50 micrometers deep. [42] This roughens the enamel microscopically and results in a greater surface area on which to bond.
Fluoride is a mineral found naturally in rock, air, soil, plants and water and may assist by: Potentially repairing early white spot lesions found on the tooth surface that may develop into cavities. [citation needed] And a reduction in cavities may result in the following downstream benefits:
The mineral is the inorganic component of mineralized tissues. This constituent is what makes the tissues harder and stiffer. [1] [2] Hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, silica, calcium oxalate, whitlockite, and monosodium urate are examples of minerals found in biological tissues.
Toothpaste comes in a variety of colors and flavors, intended to encourage use of the product. The three most common flavorants are peppermint, spearmint, and wintergreen. Toothpaste flavored with peppermint-anise oil is popular in the Mediterranean region. These flavors are provided by the respective oils, e.g. peppermint oil. [18]
In a large sample of adults of all ages and both sexes, the figure for water fraction by weight was found to be 48 ±6% for females and 58 ±8% water for males. [8] Water is ~11% hydrogen by mass but ~67% hydrogen by atomic percent , and these numbers along with the complementary % numbers for oxygen in water, are the largest contributors to ...
In plants, it has important roles in nucleic acid metabolism, carbohydrate and protein metabolism, cell wall synthesis, cell wall structure, membrane integrity and function, and phenol metabolism. [20] Probably essential to animals, for reasons not well understood. [21] Toxic to both animals and plants. [22] bromine: 35: 5