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This perspective holds that Hawking's computation is reliable until the final stages of black-hole evaporation, when information suddenly escapes. [30] [31] [44] [12] Another possibility along the same lines is that black-hole evaporation simply stops when the black hole becomes Planck-sized. Such scenarios are called "remnant scenarios".
The Thorne–Hawking–Preskill bet was a public bet on the outcome of the black hole information paradox made in 1997 by physics theorists Kip Thorne and Stephen Hawking on the one side, and John Preskill on the other, according to the document they signed 6 February 1997, [1] as shown in Hawking's 2001 book The Universe in a Nutshell.
Hawking radiation is in a pure state. The black hole can be thought of as a quantum operator, which takes the quantum state of the original mass and converts it into the quantum state of the Hawking radiation, as viewed by a distant observer. Outside of the black hole's event horizon, semi-classical field equations remain valid.
Stephen Hawking’s suggestion that black holes “leak” radiation left physicists with a problem they have been attempting to solve for 51 years.
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A black hole of one solar mass (M ☉ = 2.0 × 10 30 kg) takes more than 10 67 years to evaporate—much longer than the current age of the universe at 1.4 × 10 10 years. [22] But for a black hole of 10 11 kg, the evaporation time is 2.6 × 10 9 years. This is why some astronomers are searching for signs of exploding primordial black holes.
If black holes evaporate via Hawking radiation, a solar mass black hole will evaporate (beginning once the temperature of the cosmic microwave background drops below that of the black hole) over a period of 10 64 years. [151] A supermassive black hole with a mass of 10 11 M ☉ will evaporate in around 2×10 100 years. [152] Some monster black ...
Black holes don’t gulp up everything at once, but one star’s last light is still gleaming three years later, puzzling astrophysicists.