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Momentum accounting and triple-entry book keeping is an alternative accountancy system developed by Japanese academic Yuji Ijiri and the subject of his 1989 monograph. [1] It is proposed as an alternative to double-entry bookkeeping, which is the standard method used in the worldwide financial accounting system.
The accounting equation is a statement of equality between the debits and the credits. The rules of debit and credit depend on the nature of an account. For the purpose of the accounting equation approach, all the accounts are classified into the following five types: assets, capital, liabilities, revenues/incomes, or expenses/losses.
Resources, events, agents (REA) is a model of how an accounting system can be re-engineered for the computer age.REA was originally proposed in 1982 by William E. McCarthy as a generalized accounting model, [1] and contained the concepts of resources, events and agents (McCarthy 1982).
Activity-based costing was first clearly defined in 1987 by Robert S. Kaplan and W. Bruns as a chapter in their book Accounting and Management: A Field Study Perspective. [8] They initially focused on manufacturing industry where increasing technology and productivity improvements have reduced the relative proportion of the direct costs of ...
Modern cost accounting originated during the Industrial Revolution when the complexities of running large scale businesses led to the development of systems for recording and tracking costs to help business owners and managers make decisions. Various techniques used by cost accountants include standard costing and variance analysis, marginal ...
The objective of an audit of financial statements is to enable the auditor to express an opinion on whether the financial statements are prepared, in all material respects, in conformity with an identified financial reporting framework, such as the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) which is the accounting standard adopted by the U ...
The term unit record equipment also refers to peripheral equipment attached to computers that reads or writes unit records, e.g., card readers, card punches, printers, MICR readers. IBM was the largest supplier of unit record equipment and this article largely reflects IBM practice and terminology.
Audit working papers are the property of the auditor. In order to keep professional ethic , it cannot reveal to third parties without client consent unless limited specified situations mentioned in ISA 230 Documentation and required by law , the examples are court order , for public interest and so on.