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  2. Agriculture in the Middle Ages - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Middle_Ages

    Feudalism is generally regarded as having ended in western Europe around 1500, although serfs were not finally freed in Russia until 1861. [27] The Manor. Agricultural land in the Middle Ages under feudalism was usually organized in manors. The medieval manor consisted of several hundred (or sometimes thousand) acres of land.

  3. Great chain of being - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_being

    The human pedigree recapitulating its phylogeny back to amoeba shown as a reinterpreted chain of being with living and fossil animals. From a critique of Ernst Haeckel 's theories, 1873. The set nature of species, and thus the absoluteness of creatures' places in the great chain, came into question during the 18th century.

  4. Feudalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudalism

    The idea of feudalism was unknown and the system it describes was not conceived of as a formal political system by the people living in the medieval period. This section describes the history of the idea of feudalism, how the concept originated among scholars and thinkers, how it changed over time, and modern debates about its use.

  5. Bastard feudalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastard_feudalism

    Bastard feudalism is a somewhat controversial term invented by 19th-century historians to characterise the form feudalism took in the Late Middle Ages, primarily in England. Its distinctive feature is that middle-ranking figures rendered military, political, legal, or domestic service in return for money, office, or influence.

  6. Manorialism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manorialism

    As an economic system, it outlasted feudalism, according to Andrew Jones, because "it could maintain a warrior, but it could equally well maintain a capitalist landlord. It could be self-sufficient, yield produce for the market, or it could yield a money rent." [8] The last feudal dues in France were abolished at the French Revolution.

  7. Examples of feudalism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examples_of_feudalism

    Examples of feudalism are helpful to fully understand feudalism and feudal society. Feudalism was practiced in many different ways, depending on location and period, thus a high-level encompassing conceptual definition does not always provide a reader with the intimate understanding that detailed historical examples provide.

  8. The Surprising Origins of 'Break a Leg'—and Why Performers ...

    www.aol.com/surprising-origins-break-leg-why...

    Why Do People Say 'Break a Leg'? Like many things, it all comes back to superstition. On the night of a big show, actors believe that wishing someone "good luck" is actually bad luck. So, they ...

  9. Fruitarianism - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruitarianism

    Some do not eat grains, believing it is unnatural to do so, [citation needed] and some fruitarians feel that it is improper for humans to eat seeds as they contain future plants, [3] or nuts and seeds, [8] or any food besides juicy fruit. [9] Others believe they should eat only plants that spread seeds when the plant is eaten. [10]