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In reviewing the older leadership theories, Scouller highlighted certain limitations in relation to the development of a leader's skill and effectiveness: [3] Trait theory: As Stogdill (1948) [4] and Buchanan & Huczynski (1997) had previously pointed out, this approach has failed to develop a universally agreed list of leadership qualities and "successful leaders seem to defy classification ...
Workplace spirituality or spirituality in the workplace is a movement that began in the early 1920s. [ dubious – discuss ] It emerged as a grassroots movement with individuals seeking to live their faith and/or spiritual values in the workplace.
Among the proponents of authentic leadership, there are many theories regarding why authentic leadership is an effective leadership strategy. Authentic leadership has been shown to promote team members' belief in the team's ability to succeed, known as team potency, [19] which has in turn been shown to improve team performance.
The Servant Leadership Journal: An 18 Week Journey to Transform You and Your Organization ISBN 978-0-998-67110-9; Ken Blanchard, Leading at a Higher Level (Chapter 12), ISBN 0-13-234772-5; Peter Block. Stewardship ISBN 1-881052-86-9; Jim Boyd, A Servant Leader's Journey, ISBN 978-0-8091-4568-3; Max DePree, Leadership is an Art ISBN 0-440-50324-8
Prior to 1945 most studies of leadership sought to identify the individual traits of effective leaders. Trait theories of leadership were the first to attempt a systematic approach of studying leadership. However, these studies yielded disappointing results when no set of traits were found that explained effective leadership.
"put aside the term spiritual, with its manifest and problematic connotations, and to speak instead of an intelligence that explores the nature of existence in its multifarious guises. Thus, an explicit concern with spiritual or religious matters would be one variety — often the most important variety — of an existential intelligence." [5]
Leadership studies is a multidisciplinary academic field of study that focuses on leadership in organizational contexts and in human life. Leadership studies has origins in the social sciences (e.g., sociology, anthropology, psychology), in humanities (e.g., history and philosophy), as well as in professional and applied fields of study (e.g., management and education).
In social exchange theory the effect of ethical leadership on followers is explained by transactional exchanges between the leader and their followers. The leader's fairness and caring for followers activates a reciprocatory process, in which the followers act in the same manner towards the leader. [4]