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Concrete sealers are applied to concrete to protect it from surface damage, corrosion, and staining. They either block the pores in the concrete to reduce absorption of water and salts or form an impermeable layer which prevents such materials from passing.
Penetrating sealers often require the use of special cleaners which both clean and top up the repellent ingredient left on the stone surface. These sealers are often breathable to a certain degree, but do not penetrate deeply enough (generally less than 1mm) to be effective against salt attack, such as efflorescence and spalling.
In ancient Mesoamerican cultures, rubber was used to make balls, sandal soles, elastic bands, and waterproof containers. [4] It was cured using sulfur-rich plant juices, an early form of vulcanization. [5] In the 1830s, Charles Goodyear worked to devise a process for strengthening rubber tires. Tires of the time would become soft and sticky ...
Sulfur forms cross-linking bridges between sections of polymer chains which affects the mechanical and electronic properties. [citation needed] Many products are made with vulcanized rubber, including tires, shoe soles, hoses, and conveyor belts. The term vulcanization is derived from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire.
Sulfur concrete has a low porosity and is a poorly permeable material. Its low hydraulic conductivity slows down water ingress in its low porosity matrix and so decreases the transport of harmful chemical species, such as chloride (pitting corrosion), towards the steel reinforcements (physical protection of steel as long as no microcracks develop in the sulfur concrete matrix).
Like Thiokols and sulfur-vulcanization, inverse vulcanization uses the tendency of sulfur catenate. The polymers produced by inverse vulcanization consist of long sulfur linear chains interspersed with organic linkers. Traditional sulfur vulcanization produces a cross-linked material with short sulfur bridges, down to one or two sulfur atoms.