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Buspirone has also been found to bind with much higher affinity to the dopamine D 3 and D 4 receptors, where it is similarly an antagonist. [45] A major metabolite of buspirone, 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine (1-PP), occurs at higher circulating levels than buspirone itself and is known to act as a potent α 2-adrenergic receptor antagonist.
Buspirone was originally classified as an azaspirodecanedione, shortened to azapirone or azaspirone due to the fact that its chemical structure contained this moiety, and other drugs with similar structures were labeled as such as well. However, despite all being called azapirones, not all of them actually contain the azapirodecanedione ...
Lorazepam was initially patented in 1963 and went on sale in the United States in 1977. [25] [26] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. [27] It is available as a generic medication. [14] In 2022, it was the 80th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 8 million prescriptions. [28 ...
The TCAs are used primarily in the clinical treatment of mood disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), dysthymia, and treatment-resistant variants. They are also used in the treatment of a number of other medical disorders, including cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) and anxiety disorders such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social phobia (SP) also known as social anxiety ...
Its mechanism of action is not entirely clear but is believed to be related to its ability as a dopamine antagonist. [6] It has antiserotonergic and antihistaminergic properties. [6] Common side effects include movement problems, sleepiness, dry mouth, low blood pressure upon standing, and increased weight. [6]
A serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) is a type of drug which acts as a reuptake inhibitor of the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, or 5-HT) by blocking the action of the serotonin transporter (SERT). This in turn leads to increased extracellular concentrations of serotonin and, therefore, an increase in serotonergic ...
[6] [12] [13] [14] This includes the effects of psilocybin, [15] [16] [17] LSD, [18] [19] mescaline, [20] and ayahuasca. [21] Conversely, the antipsychotic chlorpromazine has shown inconsistent effects in reversing psychedelic effects, [ 6 ] while the antipsychotic haloperidol , which is a dopamine D 2 receptor antagonist but not a serotonin 5 ...
Relative to buspirone, it was found to produce more rapid improvement, to have significantly greater effectiveness, and to have fewer side effects and a lower discontinuation rate. [17] The recommended dose of alpidem was 75 to 150 mg total per day, given in single doses of 25 to 75 mg two to three times per day. [3] [18] [19]