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2. Flow measurement - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_measurement

   This depth is converted to a flow rate according to a theoretical formula of the form = where is the flow rate, is a constant, is the water level, and is an exponent which varies with the device used; or it is converted according to empirically derived level/flow data points (a "flow curve"). The flow rate can then be integrated over time into ...

3. Parshall flume - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshall_flume

   Only the upstream depth needs to be measured to calculate the flow rate. A free flow also induces a hydraulic jump downstream of the flume. Submerged flow occurs when the water surface downstream of the flume is high enough to restrict flow through a flume, submerged flume conditions exist. A backwater buildup effect occurs in a submerged flume.

4. Dispersion (water waves) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispersion_(water_waves)

   For a certain water depth, surface gravity waves – i.e. waves occurring at the air–water interface and gravity as the only force restoring it to flatness – propagate faster with increasing wavelength. On the other hand, for a given (fixed) wavelength, gravity waves in deeper water have a larger phase speed than in shallower water. [1]

5. Acoustic Doppler current profiler - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_Doppler_Current...

   The result is the net current profile. Bottom track provides the foundation for surveys of the water currents in coastal areas. In deep water where the acoustic signals cannot reach the bottom, the ship velocity is estimated from a more complex combination of velocity and heading information from GPS, gyro, etc.

6. Underwater acoustics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_acoustics

   Output of a computer model of underwater acoustic propagation in a simplified ocean environment. A seafloor map produced by multibeam sonar. Underwater acoustics (also known as hydroacoustics) is the study of the propagation of sound in water and the interaction of the mechanical waves that constitute sound with the water, its contents and its boundaries.

7. Volumetric flow rate - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate

   In most contexts a mention of rate of fluid flow is likely to refer to the volumetric rate. In hydrometry, the volumetric flow rate is known as discharge. Volumetric flow rate should not be confused with volumetric flux, as defined by Darcy's law and represented by the symbol q, with units of m 3 /(m 2 ·s), that is, m·s −1. The integration ...