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Absorption of dietary iron in iron salt form (as in most supplements) varies somewhat according to the body's need for iron, and is usually between 10% and 20% of iron intake. Absorption of iron from animal products, and some plant products, is in the form of heme iron, and is more efficient, allowing absorption of from 15% to 35% of intake.
Unlike the other twelve vitamins, vitamin D is only conditionally essential - in a preindustrial society people had adequate exposure to sunlight and the vitamin was a hormone, as the primary natural source of vitamin D was the synthesis of cholecalciferol in the lower layers of the skin's epidermis, triggered by a photochemical reaction with ...
A deficiency is associated with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome. [8] All house cats and dogs have higher-than-usual activity of this enzyme, causing an inability to synthesize vitamin D due to the lack of 7-dehydrocholesterol. [9]
The body regulates iron levels by regulating each of these steps. For instance, enterocytes synthesize more Dcytb, DMT1 and ferroportin in response to iron deficiency anemia. [29] Iron absorption from diet is enhanced in the presence of vitamin C and diminished by excess calcium, zinc, or manganese. [30]
Most people in the world depend on the sun to get vitamin D, [31] and elderly populations in low UVB countries experience higher rates of cancer. [32] There are not many foods that naturally have vitamin D. [33] Examples are cod liver oil and oily fish. If people cannot get sunlight, then they will need 1,000 IU of vitamin D per day to stay ...
CYP2R1 is cytochrome P450 2R1, an enzyme which is the principal vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. [5] [6] In humans it is encoded by the CYP2R1 gene located on chromosome 11p15.2. [7]It is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum in liver, where it performs the first step in the activation of vitamin D by catalyzing the formation of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. [8]
However, the interaction between iron and vitamin C can generate free radicals, particularly in cases of iron overload. In iron deficiency, vitamin C aids absorption. Aspirin use in the elderly, often for cardiovascular disease, is linked to lower serum ferritin levels. Iron deficiency can be managed through an iron-rich diet or supplementation.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D 1-alpha-hydroxylase (VD 1A hydroxylase) also known as calcidiol 1-monooxygenase [5] or cytochrome p450 27B1 (CYP27B1) or simply 1-alpha-hydroxylase is a cytochrome P450 enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CYP27B1 gene.