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Marine biogenic calcification is the biologically mediated process by which marine organisms produce and deposit calcium carbonate minerals to form skeletal structures or hard tissues. This process is a fundamental aspect of the life cycle of some marine organisms, including corals , mollusks , foraminifera , certain types of plankton , and ...
The key outputs of the marine carbon system are particulate organic matter (POC) and calcium carbonate (PIC) preservation as well as reverse weathering. [1] While there are regions with local loss of CO 2 to the atmosphere and hydrothermal processes, a net loss in the cycle does not occur.
CO2SYS is a family of software programs that calculate chemical equilibria for aquatic inorganic carbon species and parameters. Their core function is to use any two of the four central inorganic carbon system parameters (pH, alkalinity, dissolved inorganic carbon, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide) to calculate various chemical properties of the system.
This is the origin of both marine and terrestrial limestone. [57] Calcium precipitates into calcium carbonate according to the following equation: Ca 2+ + 2HCO 3 − → CO 2 + H 2 O + CaCO 3 [112] The relationship between dissolved calcium and calcium carbonate is affected greatly by the levels of carbon dioxide (CO 2) in the atmosphere.
The carbonate pump is sometimes referred to as the "hard tissue" component of the biological pump. [45] Some surface marine organisms, like coccolithophores, produce hard structures out of calcium carbonate, a form of particulate inorganic carbon, by fixing bicarbonate. [46] This fixation of DIC is an important part of the oceanic carbon cycle.
The balance of these carbonate species (which ultimately affects the solubility of carbon dioxide), is dependent on factors such as pH, as shown in a Bjerrum plot.In seawater this is regulated by the charge balance of a number of positive (e.g. Na +, K +, Mg 2+, Ca 2+) and negative (e.g. CO 3 2− itself, Cl −, SO 4 2−, Br −) ions.
Marine calcifying organisms, such as mollusks and corals, are especially vulnerable because they rely on calcium carbonate to build shells and skeletons. [ 4 ] A change in pH by 0.1 represents a 26% increase in hydrogen ion concentration in the world's oceans (the pH scale is logarithmic, so a change of one in pH units is equivalent to a ...
Example Bjerrum plot: Change in carbonate system of seawater from ocean acidification.. A Bjerrum plot (named after Niels Bjerrum), sometimes also known as a Sillén diagram (after Lars Gunnar Sillén), or a Hägg diagram (after Gunnar Hägg) [1] is a graph of the concentrations of the different species of a polyprotic acid in a solution, as a function of pH, [2] when the solution is at ...