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The reduplication in the Russian language serves for various kinds of intensifying of the meaning and exists in several forms: a hyphenated or repeated word (either exact or inflected reduplication), and forms similar to shm-reduplication.
Echo word is a linguistic term that refers to reduplication as a widespread areal feature in the languages of South Asia. Echo words are characterized by reduplication of a complete word or phrase, with the initial segment or syllable of the reduplicant being overwritten by a fixed segment or syllable. In most languages in which this phenomenon ...
[required in place of hyphen] marks reduplication and retriplication (e.g. Ancient Greek γέγρᾰφᾰ (gé~graph-a) PRF ~write-1SG 'I have written', with word-initial reduplication) [ 2 ] [required in place of hyphen] marks off an infix (e.g. ITER Vb is word-initial infixation that makes the verb iterative)
Shm-reduplication has been advanced as an example of a natural-language phenomenon that cannot be captured by a context-free grammar. [6] The essential argument was that the reduplication can be repeated indefinitely, producing a sequence of phrases of geometrically increasing [ 7 ] length, which cannot occur in a context-free language.
Ablaut reduplication, or ablaut-motivated compounding, is a type of word formation of "expressives" (such as onomatopoeia or ideophones), in which words are formed by reduplication of a base and alternation of the internal vowel.
Contrastive focus reduplication, [1] also called contrastive reduplication, [1] identical constituent compounding, [2] [3] lexical cloning, [4] [5] or the double construction, is a type of syntactic reduplication found in some languages. Doubling a word or phrase – such as "do you like-like him?" – can indicate that the prototypical meaning ...
In reduplication, which forms the perfect tense in both Greek and Sanskrit, if the initial consonant is aspirated, the prepended consonant is unaspirated by Grassmann's law. For instance / pʰ y-ɔː/ φύω 'I grow' : / p e- pʰ yː-ka/ πέφυκα 'I have grown'.
Typically, the words are aligned with their glosses; within words, a hyphen is used when a boundary is marked in both the text and its gloss, a period when a boundary appears in only one. That is, there should be the same number of words separated with spaces in the text and its gloss, as well as the same number of hyphenated morphemes within a ...