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Systems theory is the transdisciplinary [1] study of systems, i.e. cohesive groups of interrelated, interdependent components that can be natural or artificial.Every system has causal boundaries, is influenced by its context, defined by its structure, function and role, and expressed through its relations with other systems.
David Easton (1917–2014) Canadian political scientist, who developed application of systems theory to political science. Frederick Edmund Emery (1925–1997) Australian psychologist, and pioneers in the field of Organizational development. Hugo O. Engelmann (1917–2002) American sociologist, anthropologist and general systems theorist.
In the beginnings, general systems theory was developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy to overcome the over-specialisation of the modern times and as a worldview using holism. The systems theories nowadays are closer to the traditional specialisation than to holism, by interdependencies and mutual division by mutually-different specialists.
This framework, broadly referred to as 'ecological systems theory', was formalized in an article published in American Psychologist, [3] articulated in a series of propositions and hypotheses in his most cited book, The Ecology of Human Development [4] and further developed in The Bioecological Model of Human Development [5] and later writings.
Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (19 September 1901 – 12 June 1972) was an Austrian biologist known as one of the founders of general systems theory (GST). This is an interdisciplinary practice that describes systems with interacting components, applicable to biology, cybernetics and other fields.
Based on empirical data, Parsons' social action theory was the first broad, systematic, and generalizable theory of social systems developed in the United States and Europe. [19] Some of Parsons' largest contributions to sociology in the English-speaking world were his translations of Max Weber 's work and his analyses of works by Max Weber ...
Luhmann's systems theory focuses on three topics, which are interconnected in his entire work. [11] Systems theory as societal theory; Communication theory and; Evolution theory; The core element of Luhmann's theory pivots around the problem of the contingency of meaning, and thereby it becomes a theory of communication. Social systems are ...
The history of bioecological systems theory is divided into two periods. The first period resulted in the publication of Bronfenbrenner's theory of ecological systems theory, titled The Ecology of Human Development, in 1979. [16] Bronfenbrenner described the second period as a time of criticism and evaluation of his original work. [17]