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Lymphocytic pleocytosis is an abnormal increase in the amount of lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). It is usually considered to be a sign of infection or inflammation within the nervous system , and is encountered in a number of neurological diseases , such as pseudomigraine, Susac's syndrome, and encephalitis.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates. CSF is produced by specialized ependymal cells in the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain, and absorbed in the arachnoid granulations. In humans, there is about 125 mL of CSF at any one time ...
In inflammatory arthritis conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and Crohn's disease, proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α is secreted by synovial macrophages which stimulates stromal cells and osteoblasts to produce CSF-1. Increased CSF-1 promotes proliferation of osteoclasts and osteoclast precursors and increases osteoclast ...
The name "colony-stimulating factors" comes from the method by which they were discovered. Hematopoietic stem cells were cultured (see cell culture) on a so-called semisolid matrix, which prevents cells from moving around, so that, if a single cell starts proliferating, all of the cells derived from it will remain clustered around the spot in the matrix where the first cell was originally located.
M-CSF (or CSF-1) is a hematopoietic growth factor that is involved in the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of monocytes, macrophages, and bone marrow progenitor cells. [7] M-CSF affects macrophages and monocytes in several ways, including stimulating increased phagocytic and chemotactic activity, and increased tumour cell ...
In vitro, monocytes can differentiate into dendritic cells by adding the cytokines granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin 4. [19] Such monocyte-derived cells do, however, retain the signature of monocytes in their transcriptome and they cluster with monocytes and not with bona fide dendritic cells. [20]
The GM-CSF and IL-3 both work together to stimulate production of all lines. When erythropoietin (EPO) is present, red blood cell production from the CFU-GEMM will be activated. G-CSF, M-CSF, IL-5, IL-4, and IL-3 stimulate the production of neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets, respectively. [4]
PTPRC is a critical enzyme involved in regulating immune cell function. PTPRC is a transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase expressed on the surface of all nucleated hematopoietic cells, particularly lymphocytes. It plays a key role in the activation and differentiation of T cells, B cells, and other immune cells by modulating signaling pathways.