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In mathematics, an elliptic partial differential equation is a type of partial differential equation (PDE). In mathematical modeling , elliptic PDEs are frequently used to model steady states , unlike parabolic PDE and hyperbolic PDE which generally model phenomena that change in time.
A parabolic partial differential equation is a type of partial differential equation (PDE). Parabolic PDEs are used to describe a wide variety of time-dependent phenomena in, i.a., engineering science, quantum mechanics and financial mathematics. Examples include the heat equation, time-dependent Schrödinger equation and the Black–Scholes ...
In mathematics, a hyperbolic partial differential equation of order is a partial differential equation (PDE) that, roughly speaking, has a well-posed initial value problem for the first derivatives. [ citation needed ] More precisely, the Cauchy problem can be locally solved for arbitrary initial data along any non-characteristic hypersurface .
The motion of a fluid at supersonic speeds can be approximated with hyperbolic PDEs, and the Euler–Tricomi equation is hyperbolic where x > 0. By change of variables, the equation can always be expressed in the form: u x x − u y y + ⋯ = 0 , {\displaystyle u_{xx}-u_{yy}+\cdots =0,} where x and y correspond to changed variables.
Elliptic operators are typical of potential theory, and they appear frequently in electrostatics and continuum mechanics. Elliptic regularity implies that their solutions tend to be smooth functions (if the coefficients in the operator are smooth). Steady-state solutions to hyperbolic and parabolic equations generally solve elliptic equations.
Typically, it applies to first-order equations, though in general characteristic curves can also be found for hyperbolic and parabolic partial differential equation. The method is to reduce a partial differential equation (PDE) to a family of ordinary differential equations (ODE) along which the solution can be integrated from some initial data ...
In applied mathematics, discontinuous Galerkin methods (DG methods) form a class of numerical methods for solving differential equations.They combine features of the finite element and the finite volume framework and have been successfully applied to hyperbolic, elliptic, parabolic and mixed form problems arising from a wide range of applications.
Boundary value problem. Dirichlet problem, Dirichlet boundary condition; Neumann boundary condition; Stefan problem; Wiener–Hopf problem; Separation of variables; Green's function; Elliptic partial differential equation; Singular perturbation; Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem; H-principle; Atiyah–Singer index theorem; Bäcklund transform ...