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According to Burkert, Pythagoras never dealt with numbers at all, let alone made any noteworthy contribution to mathematics. [146] Burkert argues that the only mathematics the Pythagoreans ever actually engaged in was simple, proofless arithmetic , [ 148 ] but that these arithmetic discoveries did contribute significantly to the beginnings of ...
Pythagoras (c. 570 – c. 495 BC) was credited with many mathematical and scientific discoveries, including the Pythagorean theorem, Pythagorean tuning, the five regular solids, the Theory of Proportions, the sphericity of the Earth, and the identity of the morning and evening stars as the planet Venus.
Much of the surviving sources on Pythagoras originated with Aristotle and the philosophers of the Peripatetic school, which founded historiographical academic traditions such as biography, doxography and the history of science. The surviving 5th century BC sources on Pythagoras and early Pythagoreanism are void of supernatural elements, while ...
Pythagoras developed a school of philosophy that was both dominated by mathematics and "profoundly mystical". [3] Philolaus has been called one of "the three most prominent figures in the Pythagorean tradition" [ 4 ] and "the outstanding figure in the Pythagorean school", who may have been the first "to commit Pythagorean doctrine to writing ...
The history of science is often seen as a linear story of progress [27] but historians have come to see the story as more complex. [28] [29] [30] Alfred Edward Taylor has characterised lean periods in the advance of scientific discovery as "periodical bankruptcies of science". [31] Science is a human activity, and scientific contributions have ...
Greek mathematics constitutes an important period in the history of mathematics: fundamental in respect of geometry and for the idea of formal proof. [44] Greek mathematicians also contributed to number theory , mathematical astronomy , combinatorics , mathematical physics , and, at times, approached ideas close to the integral calculus .
Chinese mathematics made early contributions, including a place value system and the first use of negative numbers. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] The Hindu–Arabic numeral system and the rules for the use of its operations, in use throughout the world today evolved over the course of the first millennium AD in India and were transmitted to the Western world via ...
Political philosophy, Philosophy of Social Science, and Intellectual History. John Searle (born 1932). Direct realism. Alvin Plantinga (born 1932). Reformed epistemology, Philosophy of Religion. Jerry Fodor (1935–2017). Alain Badiou (born 1937). Thomas Nagel (born 1937). Qualia theory. Robert Nozick (1938–2002). Libertarian. Tom Regan (1938 ...