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Java: Class java.math.BigInteger (integer), java.math.BigDecimal Class (decimal) JavaScript: as of ES2020, BigInt is supported in most browsers; [2] the gwt-math library provides an interface to java.math.BigDecimal, and libraries such as DecimalJS, BigInt and Crunch support arbitrary-precision integers.
Prior to 2008, Kaffe, a Java virtual machine, used GMP to support Java built-in arbitrary precision arithmetic. [6] Shortly after, GMP support was added to GNU Classpath. [7] The main target applications of GMP are cryptography applications and research, Internet security applications, and computer algebra systems.
Ruby's standard library includes a BigDecimal class in the module bigdecimal. Java's standard library includes a java.math.BigDecimal class. In Objective-C, the Cocoa and GNUstep APIs provide an NSDecimalNumber class and an NSDecimal C data type for representing decimals whose mantissa is up to 38 digits long, and exponent is from −128 to 127.
Conversely, precision can be lost when converting representations from integer to floating-point, since a floating-point type may be unable to exactly represent all possible values of some integer type. For example, float might be an IEEE 754 single precision type, which cannot represent the integer 16777217 exactly, while a 32-bit integer type ...
With the example in view, a number of details can be discussed. The most important is the choice of the representation of the big number. In this case, only integer values are required for digits, so an array of fixed-width integers is adequate. It is convenient to have successive elements of the array represent higher powers of the base.
Integer are reference objects, on the surface no different from List, Object, and so forth. To convert from an int to an Integer, one had to "manually" instantiate the Integer object. As of J2SE 5.0, the compiler will accept the last line, and automatically transform it so that an Integer object is created to store the value 9. [2]
Primitive wrapper classes are not the same thing as primitive types. Whereas variables, for example, can be declared in Java as data types double, short, int, etc., the primitive wrapper classes create instantiated objects and methods that inherit but hide the primitive data types, not like variables that are assigned the data type values.
Java allows usage of primitive types but only inside properly allocated objects. Sometimes a part of the type safety is implemented indirectly: e.g. the class BigDecimal represents a floating point number of arbitrary precision, but handles only numbers that can be expressed with a finite representation.