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To emphasize the point, consider the issue of choosing a material for building an airplane. Aluminum seems obvious because it is "lighter" than steel, but steel is stronger than aluminum, so one could imagine using thinner steel components to save weight without sacrificing (tensile) strength.
Although stainless steel is the stronger of the two, aluminized steel has a greater electrostatic surface, and can therefore reflect heat better. Aluminized steel is highly resistant to corrosion because of the thin layers of aluminium and silicon, which keep the underlying steel from oxidizing. These thin layers also keep pit corrosion from ...
Steel production (in million tons) by country as of 2023. The steel industry is often considered an indicator of economic progress, because of the critical role played by steel in infrastructural and overall economic development. [65] In 1980, there were more than 500,000 U.S. steelworkers. By 2000, the number of steelworkers had fallen to ...
Steel is used extremely widely in all types of structures, due to its relatively low cost, high strength-to-weight ratio and speed of construction. Steel is a ductile material, which will behave elastically until it reaches yield (point 2 on the stress–strain curve), when it becomes plastic and will fail in a ductile manner (large strains, or ...
The specific strength is bounded to be no greater than c 2 ≈ 9 × 10 13 kN⋅m/kg, where c is the speed of light. This limit is achieved by electric and magnetic field lines, QCD flux tubes, and the fundamental strings hypothesized by string theory. [citation needed]
Titanium alloys, which are stronger but heavier than Al-Sc alloys, are still much more widely used. [55] The main application of metallic scandium by weight is in aluminium–scandium alloys for minor aerospace industry components. These alloys contain between 0.1% and 0.5% (by weight) of scandium.
Bronze was an extremely useful alloy to the ancients, because it is much stronger and harder than either of its components. Steel was another common alloy. However, in ancient times, it could only be created as an accidental byproduct from the heating of iron ore in fires during the manufacture of iron.
Aluminum dissolves in ferrite and forms Al 2 O 3 and AlN. Silicon is also soluble and usually forms SiO 2 •M x O y. Manganese mostly dissolves in ferrite forming MnS, MnO•SiO 2, but also carbides: (Fe,Mn) 3 C. Chromium forms partitions between the ferrite and carbide phases in steel, forming (Fe,Cr 3)C, Cr 7 C 3, and Cr 23 C 6. The type of ...